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Article History

Received: 21 September 2024

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because it involved an anonymous questionnaire survey. The study did not collect any personal identifying or sensitive information, posed no foreseeable risk to participants, and was conducted without commercial interests. In accordance with Article 32 of the Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans issued by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, research of this nature does not require ethical review. (The official text of the Measures is available at )

: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of the interest.