Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 August 2024

Accepted: 7 March 2026

First Online: 23 April 2026

Declarations

: All rounds of CHARLS have been approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University. The fieldwork program for the current round of household questionnaire survey was approved with the approval number: IRB00001052-11015. Data users who need this approval for publication should contact the project team at charls_info@pku.edu.cn with specific information about their needs. During the fieldwork, each respondent who agreed to participate in the survey was asked to sign two informed consent forms. One copy was kept by the respondent and the other was kept in the CHARLS office and scanned in PDF format.

: All participants were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study, and provided their written informed consent to participate voluntarily. They were assured that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed that their data would be anonymized and used solely for research purposes.

: This manuscript is the original work of the author(s) and has not been published elsewhere. All authors listed have contributed significantly to the research and are in agreement with the content of the manuscript.

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.