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Authors
Fang, Tingting
Hu, Zhangjie
Jiang, Li
Wang, Xiaoyi
Xie, Xinran
Zhuo, Feng
Yang, Ying
Kong, Linghua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-4180
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program (No. 2024HWYQ-010)
Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province (No. tsqn202211034)
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing and Rehabilitation at Shandong University (Approval number: 2024-R-157). Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing and Rehabilitation at Shandong University (Approval number: 2024-R-157). Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians. Prior to data collection, all adolescent participants were provided with a comprehensive explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. For participants under the age of 18, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, and written assent was also obtained from the adolescents themselves. The consent forms explicitly stated that the collected data would be used for scientific research and potentially published in academic journals, with the strict assurance that all information would be presented in an anonymized and aggregated manner, ensuring that no individual could be identified. All participants and their guardians were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.
: for publication was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians. Prior to data collection, all adolescent participants were provided with a comprehensive explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. For participants under the age of 18, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, and written assent was also obtained from the adolescents themselves. The consent forms explicitly stated that the collected data would be used for scientific research and potentially published in academic journals, with the strict assurance that all information would be presented in an anonymized and aggregated manner, ensuring that no individual could be identified.
: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors are responsible for the content and writing of the article.
