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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (24CRK029)
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study uses secondary data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), which were collected and managed by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. The CFPS project has obtained ethical approval from the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Review Committee (approval number: IRB00001052-14010). All data are publicly available, fully anonymized prior to access, and analyzed in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. No additional ethical approval was required for this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
