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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Hunan Normal University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: In accordance with Chinese national regulations and institutional ethical guidelines for research involving minors, written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all underage participants, and assent was obtained from the adolescents themselves.

: The authors affirm that all human research participants and the parents or legal guardians of underage participants provided informed consent for the publication of their anonymized data.