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Authors
Wang, Lingfei
Geng, Lina
Jiang, Liuqing
Bian, Yufang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province (2023SJYB0569)
Jiangsu Province Education Science Planning Project - Youth Special Fund (C/2024/01/103)
Key Projects of Humanities and Social Sciences in colleges and universities of Anhui Province (2024AH053094)
the High-level Cultivation Project of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University (2022NXY19)
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Article History
Received: 14 February 2025
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by Scientific Research Ethics Committee, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University (No. 2021-36). All methods in this study were performed in accordance with the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines.
: Broad informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study and their parents.
: Participants provided broad informed consent for their anonymized data to be used in scientific research, including the dissemination of the results within the academic community. As this study involves the analysis of a large-scale database, all data were aggregated and anonymized prior to analysis and contain no personally identifiable information. Therefore, only group-level results will be published; no individual-level data will be analyzed or disclosed.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
