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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 22 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

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: All procedures involving human participants in this study, including both the qualitative grounded theory interviews and the quantitative investigation, were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of [institution name to be provided for submission] under its “Minimal-Risk Social Research” protocol (approval number: [to be completed]). All participants were adults (aged 18 or above) who took part voluntarily, and written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. For the qualitative phase, interviewees were fully informed of the research aims, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any time before taking part in semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative research phase, after completing the immersive multi-sensory VR experience “Adventures of the Tang Dynasty,” each participant received a clear explanation of the study’s purpose and the use of data, then independently and voluntarily completed the on-site questionnaire. The entire research process strictly complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations, with all data anonymized, securely encrypted, and used exclusively for academic research to ensure comprehensive protection of participant rights and privacy.

: All participants were fully informed of the research objectives, experimental procedures, and any potential risks prior to data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, with each individual assured of their right to refuse or withdraw from the study at any stage without any consequences. Written informed consent was obtained from interview participants, and electronic informed consent was secured from survey respondents. All personal information and research data were strictly anonymized and kept confidential throughout the entire research process.

: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants agreed that their anonymized data and de-identified information could be used in academic publications, including publication in this journal. In addition, all authors have read and approved the final manuscript and consent to its publication in this journal upon acceptance. No identifiable personal information is reported in this manuscript.

: The authors declare that there are no competing interests or conflicts of interest related to the publication of this manuscript. All authors have conducted the research and contributed to the manuscript independently, and there are no financial, professional, or personal relationships that could be construed as having influenced the results or their interpretation in any improper way.