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Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Accepted: 22 April 2026

First Online: 7 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (No. 106142025052033602).

: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and consent to its submission to Current Psychology for publication.

: All participants received both verbal and written debriefing and provided written informed consent prior to the experiment, which explicitly stated that anonymized data may be used in future publications, to which they agreed.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.