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Authors
Atingabili, Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-6192
Chen, Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-2940
Mensah, Isaac Adjei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2466-7534
Arboh, Francisca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4385-341X
Kewou, Nick Yvan Ngansom https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4530-5798
Tackie, Evelyn Agba https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1373-3812
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Foundation of China (NSSFC: 24AGL008)
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2024
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 17 May 2026
Declarations
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: The research obtained ethical approval from the Institutional Review Boards and Jiangsu University Medical Ethics (MERC/UJS/20016) at Jiangsu University in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China. Participation was voluntary, and the initial page provided relevant information about the research and its objectives before commencing the completion of the survey. All participants provided informed consent, and details regarding the study were presented at the beginning of the online questionnaire. Participants expressed their agreement by selecting a designated checkbox, thereby obtaining entry to the survey. Adherence to the principles of anonymity was ensured per the regulations stipulated in Organic Law 3/2018 of December 4th concerning Personal Data Protection and Guarantee of Digital Rights. The study adhered to the ethical standards enshrined in the Helsinki Declaration throughout the process.
: Measurement items for the investigation were adopted from previous research cited in internationally peer-reviewed journals.
: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.
