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Authors
Chamane, Sbonelo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-5203
Mabaso, Musawenkosi
Sewpaul, Ronel
Makola, Lehlogonolo
Jooste, Sean
Moyo, Sizulu
Mchunu, Nobuhle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-2863
Balakrishna, Yusentha
Zungu, Nompumelelo
Shisana, Olive
Zuma, Khangelani
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
South African Medical Research Council
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 17 May 2026
First Online: 30 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the survey was granted by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Research Ethics Committee (REC) with protocol approval number REC: 4/18/11/15. Approval was also granted by the Associate Director for Science, Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The study was conducted in accordance with the relevant institutional and ethical guidelines.
: Not applicable. This study used de-identified secondary data from the sixth South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey, which is publicly available. No identifiable information or individual images are included in this article.
: Informed, voluntary consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. For participants under the age of 18, consent was provided by a parent or legal guardian.
: The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work.
