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Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 18 June 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

Transparency and openness: We described our sampling plan, all data exclusions, and all measures in the study, and we adhered to the Current Psychology methodological checklist. Any computer code or specific syntax is not needed to reproduce analyses in an article posted, so the code or syntax is not available. Also, research materials described in the Method section is not available because the faces used as research materials are taken from the ‘The 10k US Adult Faces Database’ (Bainbridge et al., ), which cannot be published. The Data Viewer (SR Research, Canada) was used to organize all the raw data. For statistical analysis, IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 25.0 was used. This study’s design and its analysis were not preregistered.

Consent to publish: The manuscript does not include any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or identifiable details). Hence, consent to publish is not required and is considered not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests and that this research received no external funding. Also, the data in this study can be found on our OSF page ( ).