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Authors
Antichi, Lorenzo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-033X
Sajno, Elena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-8981
Rossi, Chiara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-2710
Frisone, Fabio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1766-831X
De Salve, Francesca https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9784-2914
Oasi, Osmano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2134-397X
Riva, Giuseppe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3657-106X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
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Article History
Received: 13 November 2025
Accepted: 18 June 2026
First Online: 25 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics Statement: This study utilizes a single, fully anonymized psychotherapy transcript (“Annie”) that is already publicly accessible online. The human ratings of the transcript were performed by research team members, who are also co-authors of this article, acting in their professional capacity as clinical experts. No external human participants were involved, and no personal or sensitive data about the raters were collected or analyzed. Therefore, no formal ethics committee approval was required.
Informed consent: The psychotherapy material analyzed in this study (“Annie”) is a publicly available, fully anonymized clinical case that was originally collected and published elsewhere under the responsibility of the original authors and their ethical procedures, including informed consent or equivalent safeguards for publishing anonymized material. In this study, no new data were collected from patients, and the only individuals involved as “human raters” were members of the research team, who are co-authors of this article, acting in their professional capacity. No personal or sensitive data about the raters was collected or analyzed, and no additional informed consent was required.
Conflict of interest: The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.
