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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Accepted: 26 September 2025

First Online: 11 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or sensitive data requiring ethical approval. All datasets were obtained from publicly available sources, anonymized records, or remote sensing/simulations, eliminating the need for informed consent.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, identifiable personal data, or individual case studies requiring consent for publication. All data were obtained from publicly available sources or derived from non-sensitive, anonymized datasets.

: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

: The authors declare no competing interests.