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Article History

Received: 28 July 2025

Accepted: 5 October 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

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: T. Rassaf has received honoraria, lecture fees, and grant support from Edwards Lifesciences, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, Berlin Chemie, Daiicho-Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Cardiac Dimensions, and Pfizer, all unrelated to this work. He is co-founder of Bimyo GmbH, a company that develops cardioprotective peptides. H. Hautzel receives personal fees from Roche and Urenco, and other fees from Pari, Roche and Urenco outside the submitted work. S. Himmen receives personal fees from Novartis, Siemens Healthineers, ABX (advanced biochemical compounds GmbH) outside the submitted work. S. Settelmeier has received support from the German Research Foundation (UMEA Junior Clinician Scientist, UMEA Clinician Scientist Academy, FU356/12–2) outside the submitted work. Z. Varasteh has received support from the German Research Foundation (VA 1183/2–1) outside the submitted work. K. M. Pabst received fees from Bayer (research funding), Novartis (speakers bureau, travel fees) and travel fees from IPSEN and has received a Clinician Scientist Stipend from the University Medicine Essen Clinician Scientist Academy (UMEA) sponsored by the faculty of medicine and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) outside the submitted work. K. Herrmann reports personal fees from Bayer, personal fees and other from Sofie Biosciences, personal fees from SIRTEX, non-financial support from ABX, personal fees from Adacap, personal fees from Curium, personal fees from Endocyte, grants and personal fees from BTG, personal fees from IPSEN, personal fees from Siemens Healthineers, personal fees from GE Healthcare, personal fees from Amgen, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from ymabs, personal fees from Aktis Oncology, personal fees from Theragnostics, personal fees from Pharma15, personal fees from Debiopharm, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Janssen. D. Kersting has received support from the German Research Foundation (UMEA Clinician Scientist Academy, FU356/12–2, and KE2933/1–1 outside the submitted work), a research grant from Pfizer outside the submitted work, and reports speaker honoraria from Pfizer and Novartis outside the submitted work. The other authors have nothing to disclose.