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Authors
Iijima, Kazuki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-0980
Oguchi, Mineki https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4163-6868
Sato, Kodai https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8434-4357
Nakazawa, Eisuke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3320-3811
Ota, Koji https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4001-8566
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (JPMJRS22J4)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP20K16477)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP20K00002)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP23H00560)
Moonshot Research and Development Program (JPMJMS2294)
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2024
Accepted: 4 July 2025
First Online: 19 August 2025
Declarations
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: This experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tamagawa University (approval number: TRE23-0021).
: We recruited 300 native English speakers and 299 Japanese speakers online. They provided informed consent after reading a brief description of the experiment.
: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning this article’s research, authorship, or publication.
