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Authors
Devi, Karuppaiah Nanthini
Santhanam, Perumal
Manickam, Narasimman
Devi, Ayyanar Shenbaga
Raju, Piliyan
Princy, Rex Peter Francis Sagaya
Rajagopal, Karuppannan
Singh, Isaac Sarojini Bright
Hameed, Azeez Sait Sahul
Panamoly, Ayyappan Jishu
Perumal, Pachiappan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (BT/PR40452/NDB/39/750/2020; Dated, 02.09.2021)
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 7 December 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Declarations
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: The present study was carried out as per the animal welfare laws in India. During the study, the experimental animals were not subjected to any stress. All the care and treatment protocols were followed as per the guidelines of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Animal Welfare Division, Govt. of India). This study was carried out with the approval of statutory authorities of Bhrathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India. The experimental fish Lates calcarifer , is not coming under the list of endangered fish, as per the Govt. of India’s Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
