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Authors
Li, Le
Sun, Lanjun
Meng, Xiongfei
Liu, Zhijian
Huang, Shuhan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022QD113)
Key R&D Program of Shandong Province (2024TSGC0704)
Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program (2024CXGC010804)
Project of Transportation Department of Shandong Province (2022B103)
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
