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Article History

Accepted: 27 March 2025

First Online: 4 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Since this study involved the analysis of secondary data, it was exempt from review. Exemption from review was obtained from the Public Institutional Review Board Designated by Ministry of Health and Welfare (Approval No: P01-202406-01-014).

: Not applicable. This study utilized secondary data from the 2022 National Cyber Violence Survey conducted by the National Information Society Agency, where informed consent was obtained by the original researchers at the time of data collection.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve direct interaction with human participants or animals, as it was based on the analysis of secondary data.

: The author declares no conflict of interest.