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Authors
Ogasawara, Kazuhiro https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6689-7801
Ohwada, Shinya
Tachibana, Rie
Ogasawara, Katsuhiko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5474-7861
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Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Revised: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hokkaido Social Work Association Obihiro Hospital (Approval No.: 2024-03).
: This study used postoperative radiographic and CT images obtained in routine clinical practice. The requirement for individual informed consent was waived because an opt-out policy was publicly announced on the hospital website, and patients were given the opportunity to refuse participation.
