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Article History

Received: 2 January 2026

Revised: 15 February 2026

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: This research did not involve any direct patient involvement or modification of standard treatment protocols. All radiotherapy plans were generated as part of routine clinical workflows, and no prospective recruitment of human participants was undertaken. The study exclusively utilized de-identified retrospective datasets and non-interventional phantom-based validation methods. According to institutional policies and prevailing national regulations, retrospective analyses involving anonymized data are exempt from the requirement of formal ethical committee approval.