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Authors
Obara, Hideki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2305-1121
Sato, Kiyokazu
Abe, Satoshi
Katayama, Hiroki
Ushijima, Takahiro
Okumura, Takuro
Yuasa, Yuki
Shimohigashi, Yoshinobu
Kojima, Hironori
Hirose, Taka-aki
Saito, Mizuho
Iimori, Takashi
Terui, Masanobu
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Revised: 16 February 2026
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this paper.
: Formal consent to publish individual participant data was not obtained for this study. The research exclusively involved the analysis of aggregated and de-identified data, and no personally identifiable information is presented in this manuscript.
: Participation consent was not required for this study as it involved the analysis of pre-existing, anonymized data and did not involve any direct interaction with human subjects. An opt-out option was provided in accordance with national ethical guidelines.
: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine (Approval No. 2023-010-1). Among the collaborating institutions, Saga University Hospital received ethical approval from its Clinical Research Ethics Review Committee (Approval No.: 2023-04-R-12), subsequent to the approval granted by the ethics committee of Hirosaki University, the institution to which the principal investigator is affiliated.
