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Authors
Aydin, Elif https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0877-453X
Açikgoz, Birkan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5757-1766
Kocak Sezgin, Ayse https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1510-2937
Koldemir Gunduz, Meliha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-6377
Kaymak, Güllü https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6309-0208
Simsek, Sercan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9875-8228
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Agrı Ibrahim Cecen University
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2025
Accepted: 20 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: No additional ethics committee approval was required for the in vitro experiments (MIC and biofilm assays), as they involved only bacterial cultures and did not include human participants or experimental animals. The experiments were approved by the Kütahya Health Sciences University Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments (KSBÜ-HADYEK). Significant efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and the number of animals used (29 May 2024; Decision No.: 2024.05.03).
: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT-4o and DeepL for translation and grammar correction. After using these tools, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
