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Article History

Received: 10 August 2024

Revised: 14 March 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2025

First Online: 16 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit .

: The information and analysis provided in this study are provided as of August 9, 2024. PWD has not undertaken any obligation to update the information beyond its date. Data, methodologies, results, and other information provided are not warranted as to completeness or accuracy and are subject to change without notice. The observations that may be reflected herein also are subject to change without notice. The information contained herein is not intended to (A) provide information to investors or (B) be the basis of an investment decision to purchase securities issued by the City of Philadelphia (the City) to fund capital projects for the Philadelphia Water Department.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.