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Authors
Dumbauld, Brett R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0113-4791
McIntyre, Brooke A.
Appy, Ralph G.
Miller, Jessica A.
Brockman, Joseph N.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW RFP #19-00015)
Agricultural Research Service (CRIS 2072-63000-005-00D)
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2025
Revised: 21 December 2025
Accepted: 27 December 2025
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
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: Fish and invertebrate samples were collected under scientific collection permits OR – 23028, 23775 and WA – 19–187, 20–128 issued by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife respectively. Collections including retained Pacific staghorn sculpins that were euthanized were also made following permit protocols (IACUC-2019-0036) issued via Oregon State University.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
