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Article History

Received: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

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: A portable micro-sampling RT-LD approach enables accurate, low-disturbance real-time PSD monitoring in fluidized bed granulation, delivering CLC-equivalent performance while enhancing flexibility, portability, and cost-efficiency across development and manufacturing.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. No funding or support was received from any organization for the submitted work.