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Article History

Received: 2 October 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed and approved by the appropriate institutional committees.

: No human studies were conducted by the authors for this article.

: This model closely mirrors human MR pathophysiology by recapitulating volume-overload cardiac remodeling, including left atrial enlargement, diastolic dysfunction preceding systolic decline, and basal-segment myocardial fibrosis. It provides a translatable platform for investigating disease progression and evaluating therapies across MR severity levels, demonstrating high clinical relevance for studying heart failure mechanisms and treatment strategies.

: The authors declare no competing interests.