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Article History

Received: 29 January 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2025

First Online: 2 April 2025

Declarations

:

: H.N.'s spouse is an employee of Otsuka; H.N. reports institutional grants or contracts from Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research; Consulting or Advisory Role at Terumo; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Ono, Pfizer, Taiho, and Takeda. G.I. received research funds from ONO, Indivumed, Noile-Immune Biotech, and Takeda. T.M. reports honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharma, Eisai, Kyowa Kirin, Lilly Japan, Novartis, Pfizer, and Taiho Pharmaceuticals; consulting or advisory roles at Eisai and Micin; and research funding (institution) from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo/Astra Zeneca, Eisai, Gilead Sciences, MSD, Novartis, Ono Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Sysmex. Y.N. reports institutional grants or contracts from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Ono, Pfizer, and Taiho and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Guardant, MSD, Nihon Kayaku, Novartis, Ono, PDR Pharma, Pfizer, Taiho, and Takeda. N.M. reports honoraria (personal) from Sanofi; research funding (institution) from Amgen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Chugai Pharma, Eisai, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, PRA Health Science, Roche, Seagen, Taiho, and Takeda; and travel, accommodation, and/or expenses (personal) from Pfizer. K.H. reports honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai, Eisai, MSD/Merck, Taiho, and Takeda; consulting or advisory roles at Astra Zeneca, Chugai, and Takeda; and research funding (institutions) from MSD/Merck, Chugai, Takeda, AstraZeneca, and Daiichi Sankyo. C.K. reports honoraria (personal) from Sanofi, MSD, Kyowa Kirin, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ono, Merck KGaA, Chugai, Eisai, Janssen, Daiichi Sankyo, and Takeda, and research funding (institution) from Astellas Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, and Takeda. M.W. received honoraria from Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd. All other authors have no conflict of interest.

: The study utilized specimens under comprehensive consent from the National Cancer Center, adhering to established guidelines. Protocol approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Committee (No. 2023–295).