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Authors
Azadi, Amirhossein
Dehghan, Parisa
Karton, Clara
Gilchrist, Michael D.
Fraser, Maia
Hoshizaki, T. Blaine
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Revised: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used publicly available broadcast footage from HockeyTV/FloHockey, with no identifiable personal information recorded or analysed. All data were de-identified prior to use. According to institutional guidelines at the University of Ottawa, research involving publicly accessible media that does not contain identifiable personal information does not require formal research ethics board review. At the time of initial data collection, this work fell under Research Ethics Board (REB)–approved protocol H-03-18-509.
