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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 19 March 2025

First Online: 22 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Reynold A. Panettieri Jr. has received research support from ACTIV-1, Agomab Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Vault Health; has served as a consultant/advisory board member for AstraZeneca, Genentech, Praesidia Biotherapeutics, and the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials; and has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Merck Group, and Sanofi. Monica Kraft has received research support from the American Lung Association, AstraZeneca, Janssen, the National Institutes of Health, Sanofi, and Synairgen with funds paid to the Icahn School of Medicine and University of Arizona and has received personal fees from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Genentech, Kinaset Therapeutics, and Sanofi. Mario Castro has received grants/research support from the American Lung Association, AstraZeneca, Gala Therapeutics, Genentech, GSK, the National Institutes of Health, Novartis, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, PULMATRiX, Sanofi-Aventis, Shionogi, and Theravance Biopharma; consultancy fees from Allakos, Amgen, Arrowhead, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Merck, Novartis, OM Pharma, Pioneering Medicines, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and royalties from Aer Therapeutics. Magdalena Bober, Max Shelkrot and Christopher S. Ambrose are employees of AstraZeneca and may own stock or stock options in AstraZeneca. Andrew W. Lindsley is an employee of Amgen and owns stock in Amgen.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.