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Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 29 May 2025

Declarations

:

: Mehmet A. Bilen has acted as a paid consultant for and/or as a member of the advisory boards of Exelixis, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Calithera Biosciences, Genomic Health, Nektar, EMD Serono, SeaGen, and Sanofi and has received grants to his institution from Merck, Xencor, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, SeaGen, Incyte, Nektar, AstraZeneca, Tricon Pharmaceuticals, Genome & Company, AAA, Peloton Therapeutics, and Pfizer for work performed outside of the current study. Benjamin Lowentritt is an employee of Chesapeake Urology and has received consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson, Dendreon, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Merck, Tolmar, Abbvie, Pfizer, and Myovant Sciences. Ibrahim Khilfeh and, Shawn Du are employees and stockholders of Johnson & Johnson. Lorie Ellis was an employee of Johnson & Johnson at the time the study was conducted. Carmine Rossi, Frederic Kinkead, Lilian Diaz, and Dominic Pilon are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Johnson & Johnson. Neal D. Shore is an employee of the Carolina Urologic Research Center and has received consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson, Bayer, Dendreon, Tolmar, Ferring, Medivation/Astellas, Amgen, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma, AbbVie, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb/Sanofi, Exact Imaging, FerGene, InVitae, MDxHealth, Myriad Genetics, Propella Therapeutics, Genzyme, Sanofi, CG Oncology, Genesis Cancer Care, Urogen pharma, Speciality Networks, PeerView, Clarity Pharmaceuticals, Lantheus Medical Imaging, Lilly, Photocure, Telix Pharmaceuticals, AIkido Pharma, Arquer Diagnostics, Asieris Pharmaceuticals, Minomic, Novartis, PlatformQ Health, Promaxo, Protara Therapeutics, Fize Medical, Accord Research, Antev, Aura Biosciences, Bioprotect, and Sumitomo Pharma Oncology. NS has received research funding from AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Boston Scientific, Clovis Oncology, Dendreon, Exact Imaging, Ferring, Foundation Medicine, InVitae, Johnson & Johnson, MDxHealth, Merck, Myovant Sciences, Myriad Genetics, Nymox, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sesen Bio, Tolmar, CG Oncology, DisperSol, FORMA Therapeutics, Guardant Health, Jiangsu Yahong Meditech, Novartis, Pacific Edge, POINT Biopharma, Propella Therapeutics, SeaGen, MT Group, Theralase, Veru, Zenflow, Advantagene, Aragon Pharmaceuticals, Endocyte, Exelixis, FKD Therapies, Genentech, Istari Oncology, Medivation, OncoCellMDx, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Palette Life Sciences, Plexxikon, RhoVac, Steba Biotech, Urogen pharma, Urotronic, US Biotest, and Vaxiion for work performed outside of the current study.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments and considered exempt research under 45 CFR § 46.104(d)(4) as it involved only the secondary use of data that were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically, 45 CFR § 164.514.