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Authors
Busetto, Luca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4883-8980
Capucci, Silvia https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5729-3026
da Rocha Fernandes, João D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0036-0749
Holloway, Sara
Tahrani, Abd A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-1937
Thompson, Andrew
Pearson-Stuttard, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2175-9975
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk A/S
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Article History
Received: 25 March 2025
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 28 July 2025
Declarations
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: Luca Busetto reports honoraria (for lectures) from PronoKal and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals and participation in advisory boards for Boehringer Ingelheim, Bruno Farmaceutici, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Pfizer. Silvia Capucci and João D. da Rocha Fernandes are employees and shareholders of Novo Nordisk A/S, and Abd A. Tahrani was an employee and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S at the time that the manuscript was developed. Abd A. Tahrani is currently an employee of Amgen; Amgen had no role in this manuscript. Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard is partner and Head of Health Analytics at Lane Clark & Peacock LLP, Chair-elect of the Royal Society for Public Health and reports personal fees from Novo Nordisk A/S and Pfizer Ltd outside of the submitted work. Sara Holloway and Andrew Thompson are employees of Lane Clark & Peacock LLP. Lane Clark & Peacock LLP received consultancy fees to perform the analyses.
: This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The study was a retrospective analysis using only secondary de-identified data, and therefore informed consent, consent to publication and approval by an ethics committee were not required. Access to the Discover dataset is managed by Imperial College Health Partners with the North West London Information Governance Committee approving applications (SDRAG). The current analysis was conducted under approved application ID 183, which conferred approval to access and use Discover data.
