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Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 19 August 2025

Compliance with ethics guidelines

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: This study was conducted according to GSK SOP52213 (Conducting Quality Control Review of Study Results generated using Existing Data in VEO and USVEO) and complied with all applicable laws regarding patient privacy. CPRD has NHS Health Research Authority (HRA) Research Ethics Committee (REC) approval to allow the collection and release of anonymized primary care data for observational research [NHS HRA REC reference no. 05/MRE04/87]. Each year CPRD obtains Sect. 251 regulatory support through the HRA Confidentiality Advisory Group (CAG), to enable patient identifiers, without accompanying clinical data, to flow from CPRD contributing GP practices in England to NHS Digital, for the purposes of data linkage [CAG reference no. 21/CAG/0008]. The protocol for this research was approved by CPRD’s Research Data Governance (RDG) Process (protocol no. 23_003261) and the approved protocol is available upon request. Linked pseudonymized data were provided for this study by CPRD. Data are linked by NHS Digital, the statutory trusted third party for linking data, using identifiable data held only by NHS Digital. Select general practices consent to this process at a practice level with individual patients having the right to opt-out. This study is based in part on data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink obtained under license from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The data are provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) was the provider of the ONS Data contained within the CPRD Data and maintains a Copyright © [2024], The HES was the provider of HES-Admitted Patient Care and HES-Outpatient databases contained within the CPRD Data and maintain a Copyright © [2024] and Copyright © [2024] respectively. Linked data were re-used with the permission of The Health and Social Care Information Centre, all rights reserved. The interpretation and conclusions contained in this study are those of the author/s alone. This study complied with all applicable laws in the relevant countries regarding participant privacy. All patient data were de-identified so informed consent was not required.

: Jennifer K. Quint has received grants paid to their institution from AstraZeneca, Asthma & Lung UK, Boehringer Ingelheim, Health Data Research, Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, and the Medical Research Council. JKQ has also received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Evidera, GSK, and Insmed. Adrian Rendon has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Sanofi. Richard Stanford has received personal payment and honoraria from GSK as a steering committee member for this study. Bilun Gemicioglu’s institute has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Abdi İbrahim, AstraZeneca, Deva, GSK, Novartis, and Sanofi, and for participation in a data safety monitoring board or advisory board from Abdi İbrahim and GSK. BG has also taken unpaid roles as the Chair of Turkish Board of Pulmonology in Turkey and GARD (Global Alliance against chronic respiratory diseases) Turkey Coordinator. Leandro Fritscher has received payment from GSK as a steering committee member for this study. Watchara Boonsawat has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from GSK Thailand and Novartis Thailand. Elke Rottier is an employee of Adelphi Real World, which received funding from GSK to conduct this study. Anurita Majumdar and Mohamed Hamouda are employed by GSK and hold financial equities in GSK.