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Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 15 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Roberto Pecoits-Filho is an employee of Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, which receives global support for the ongoing DOPPS Programs (without restriction on publications) by a variety of funders; for details see and has received research grants from Fresenius Medical Care; consulting fees (paid to the employer) from AstraZeneca, Akebia, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. Johan Bodegård is an employee of RWE Research, which has received funding from AstraZeneca. Phil Ambery and You-Seon Nam are employees of AstraZeneca. Marcus Thuresson is an employee of Statisticon, which has received funding from AstraZeneca. Maria K. Svensson has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, and Novo Nordisk.

: Data sources used in this project are subject to ethical and privacy restrictions. As this was an analysis of de-identified claims data compliant with guidance related to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy rule [], institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required. Per Title 45 of CFR, Part 46 [], the administrative claims data analysis in this study was exempt from IRB review as it was a retrospective analysis of existing data (hence no patient intervention or interaction), and no patient-identifiable information was included in the claims dataset. Permission was obtained to access and use Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database.