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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 23 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Christoph Wanner has received honoraria for steering committee membership, advisory board participation, and lecturing from Alexion, Amgen, Amicus, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, Eli Lilly, GSK, Idorsia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. Oriana Ciani has received honoraria for advisory board participation and consultancy from AstraZeneca, MSD, Lumanity, and Cencora. Bruno Detournay has received personal compensation for advisory board participation and speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, CEMKA, Cerba, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, Eli Lilly, Lumanity, Janssen, MSD, Continuum+, and Pfizer. Marta Trapero-Bertran has received honoraria for advisory board participation from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim, and from Novartis for in-company teaching on economic evaluation methods. Smeeta Sinha has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, Novartis, GSK, Sanofi-Genzyme, Inozyme Pharma, Menarini, Amicus, Stada, Chiesi, Bayer, and Santhera; and grant funding from AstraZeneca, Novartis, CSL Vifor, Johnson & Johnson, and Sanofi-Genzyme. Loreto Gesualdo has received research grants from Abionix, Sanofi and Astrazeneca payed to his institution; He has received speaker honoraria from Bayer and Werfen; served as consultant for Baxter, Tavere, Astrazeneca, GSK, Novartis, Chinook, Roche, Reate, Nestle, Otsuka, Gilead Science, Bayer, and Vifor Fresenius. Hiddo J. L. Heerspink reports funding to conduct clinical trials from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen and Novo Nordisk (payments to his institution, the University of Groningen); consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Alexion, Alnylam, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BioCity Biopharma, Dimerix, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Idorsia, Janssen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Travere Therapeutics (payments to his institution, the University of Groningen); honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer and Novo Nordisk; and support for traveling to and attending the American Diabetes Association meeting and the American Society of Nephrology meeting from AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly (payment to his institution, the University of Groningen). Lesley A. Inker reports funding to Tufts Medical Center from National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Kidney Foundation (NKF), Chinook, R3R, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, and Novartis; consulting agreements to Tufts Medical Center from Alexion Pharmaceuticals and AstraZeneca; and consulting agreements from Diamerix. Juan Jose Garcia Sanchez, Dustin J. Little, Marvin Sinsakul, and You-Seon Nam are employees of AstraZeneca. Rod S. Taylor reports research grant from UK Medical Research Council (MRC) funding for the SPIRIT/CONSORT-Surrogate extension development (grant reference MR/V038400/1).

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.