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Authors
Luraghi, Paolo
Perrone, Valentina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-490X
Castelletti, Daniela
Losi, Serena
Risi, Matteo
Mazzoni, Stefania
Esposti, Luca Degli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7020-6659
Antonuzzo, Lorenzo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Astrazeneca
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Declarations
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: Paolo Luraghi, Daniela Castelletti, Serena Losi, and Matteo Risi are employees of AstraZeneca. Lorenzo Antonuzzo received payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations from AstraZeneca, Roche, Astellas, Novartis, MSD, BMS, Ipsen, Merck Serono, Amgen, and Bayer; support for attending meetings and/or travel grants from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Ipsen, and Merck Serono; and research funding to his institution from Novartis and AstraZeneca. Valentina Perrone, Stefania Mazzoni, and Luca Degli Esposti have nothing to disclose.
: Approval has been obtained from the following ethics committees of the involved local healthcare entities: authorization of the Ethics Committee “BAT (Barletta-Andria-Trani) Comitato etico interprovinciale Area I” (protocol no. 68/CE/20, approval date 3/12/2020); authorization of the Ethics Committee of Bergamo (protocol no. 330, approval date 6/4/2023); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Berica Comitato Etico per le Sperimentazioni Cliniche (CESC) della Provincia di Vicenza” (protocol no. 1627, approval date 28/10/2020); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Foggia Comitato etico interprovinciale Area I” (protocol no. 63/CE/20, approval date 3/12/2020); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Frosinone Comitato Etico Lazio 2” (protocol no. 0179046/2020, approval date 28/10/2020); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Roma 3 Comitato Etico Lazio 2” (protocol no. 0031200/2021, approval date 10/02/2021); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Roma 6 Comitato Etico Lazio 2” (protocol no. 0216084/2020, approval date 16/12/2020); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Serenissima Comitato Etico per la Sperimentazione Clinica della provincia di Venezia e IRCCS S. Camillo” (28/07/2020); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Umbria 2 Comitato Etico Regionale Umbria” (protocol no. 19414/20/ON, approval date 16/09/2020); authorization of the Ethics Committee “Vercelli Comitato Etico Interaziendale A.O. SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo – Alessandria” (protocol no. 0008668, approval date 20/04/2021).
