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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 12 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Richard B. Lipton has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, the FDA, and the National Headache Foundation. He serves as consultant, advisory board member, or has received honoraria or research support from AbbVie/Allergan, Amgen, Axsome, Biohaven, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Merck, Pfizer, Teva, Vector, and Vedanta Research. He receives royalties from Wolff's Headache, 8th edition (Oxford University Press, 2009), and Informa. He holds stock/options in Biohaven, Cooltech, Mainistee, and NuVieBio. Betzaida Martinez is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Dawn C. Buse has received research support from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Headache Foundation. She serves as consultant, advisory board member, or has received honoraria or research support from AbbVie/Allergan, Amgen, Biohaven, Eli Lilly and Company, Lundbeck, Novartis, Teva and Theranica. Ali Sheikhi Mehrabadi is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Anthony J. Zagar is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Fred Cohen has received honoraria from Abbvie (consulting, speaking), Eli Lilly (speaking), and Pfzier (consulting, speaking). He serves as an assistant editor for Headache. He has received honoraria for Medlink Neurology and Springer Nature. Robert E. Shapiro serves as consultant, advisory board member, or has received honoraria or research support from Eli Lilly and Company, AbbVie, Theranica, Amneal, and Lundbeck. Margaret Hoyt is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Sait Ashina consulting, teaching, honoraria: Allergan/Abbvie, Amgen, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly and Company, Impel NeuroPharma, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Novartis, Satsuma, Supernus, Percept, Pfizer, Teva and Theranica. Robert A. Nicholson is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Eva Jolanda Muenzel is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company.

: The study was approved by the Sterling Institutional Review Board (IRB ID #6425–001). Random panel participants were emailed invitations to participate in an online general health survey. Interested respondents voluntarily provided electronic informed consent and received honoraria in the form of survey panel points. Permission to use the Migraine Interictal Burden Scale-4 (MIBS-4) was obtained for the study. This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments.