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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 10 November 2025

First Online: 3 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Sonal Kumar: Consultant: Gilead, Madrigal, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Ipsen, Novo Nordisk; Speaker and/or received honoraria from Madrigal, GSK, Novo Nordisk, Ipsen, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Gilead; Nisreen Shamseddine: Employee of Ipsen; Hongbo Yang, Su Zhang, Dongni Ye, Shravanthi Seshasayee, Jingyi Chen: Employees of Analysis Group Inc., which received consulting fees from Ipsen; Kris V. Kowdley: Received grants from: Boston Scientific, Corcept, CymaBay, GENFIT, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Hanmi, Intercept, Ipsen, Janssen, Madrigal, Mirum, Novo Nordisk, NGM, Pfizer, Pliant, Terns, Viking, Zydus, 89bio Inc.; Received royalties or licenses from UpToDate; Received consulting fees from: CymaBay, Enanta, GENFIT, Gilead, HighTide, Inipharm, Intercept, Ipsen, Madrigal, Mirum, NGM, Pliant, Pfizer, Protagonist, Zydus, 89bio Inc.; Received payment or honoraria from AbbVie, Gilead, Intercept; Received payment for expert testimony from the Department of Justice; Participant on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for: CTI, Medpace, Labcorp, Worldwide Clinical Trials; Stockholder in Inipharm; Receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Velacur.

: This study used IQVIA Pharmetrics ® Plus claims data obtained under license from IQVIA ® , as per signed agreement between Ipsen and IQVIA ® . The study was considered exempt research under 45 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) § 46.104(d)(4) as it involved only the secondary use of data that were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically, 45 CFR § 164.514.