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Article History

Received: 20 June 2025

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: John Oppenheimer has served on adjudication committees or data and safety monitoring boards for AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, and Sanofi-Regeneron; received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, and Sanofi; and received grants and personal fees from GSK. Ian D Pavord has received speaker’s fees, payments for organizing education events, honoraria for attending advisory panels, sponsorship to attend international scientific meetings, research grants, or payments to support FDA approval meetings from Aerocrine, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Circassia, GSK, Knopp, Merck, Novartis, Roche-Genentech, Sanofi-Regeneron, and Teva; acted as an expert witness for a patent dispute involving AstraZeneca and Teva; is a co-patent holder for the Leicester Cough Questionnaire, and received payments for use of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in clinical trials from Bayer, Insmed, and Merck. Tom Corbridge, Jodie Crawford, Steven Gould, Mohamed Hamouda, Peter Howarth, Emmeline Burrows, Alison Moore, Stephen G Noorduyn, David Slade, and Stephen Weng are employed by GSK and hold financial equities in GSK. Stephen G Noorduyn is a PhD candidate at McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Njira Lugogo has received consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Avillion, Genentech, GSK, Niox, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Teva; honoraria for non-speaker’s bureau presentations from GSK and AstraZeneca; and travel support from AstraZeneca; her institution received research support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Avillion, Evidera, Genentech, Gossamer Bio, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Teva. She is an honorary faculty member of the Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute (OPRI) but does not receive compensation for this role .

: CAPTAIN was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice, and applicable country-specific regulatory requirements, and received United States central ethics approval from the Chesapeake Institutional Review Board (now Advarra; IRB: 00000971, IORG: 0000635). This was a multinational, multicenter study; a full list of the ethics committees that approved the study are included in Table . Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before participation.