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Article History

Received: 10 September 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 19 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Stefan Schreiber—advisory committee/board member for AbbVie, Amgen, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Gilead, IMAB, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Mylan, Pfizer, Protagonist, Provention Bio, Sandoz/Hexal, Takeda, Theravance, and UCB; lecturer for Hikma; and stockholder of CONARIS AG. Silvio Danese—consultant fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Allergan, Amgen, Applied Molecular Transport, AstraZeneca, Athos Therapeutics, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Enthera, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Hospira, Inotrem, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Morphic, MSD, Mundipharma, Mylan, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sublimity Therapeutics, Takeda, Teladoc Health, TiGenix, UCB, Vial, and Vifor; and lecture fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Janssen, Mylan, Pfizer, and Takeda. Jean-Frédéric Colombel—research grants from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Prometheus, and Takeda; lecture fees from AbbVie and Takeda; and consultant fees from AbbVie, Allergan, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Envision Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Galmed Research, Genentech (Roche), GlaxoSmithKline, Immunic, Iterative Scopes, Janssen, Kaleido Biosciences, Landos, Lilly, Merck, Microba Life Science, Novartis, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sun, Takeda, TiGenix, and Vifor; and stock options with Intestinal Biotech Development. Tadakazu Hisamatsu—grant support from AbbVie, Boston Scientific, EA Pharma, JIMRO, Kissei, Kyorin, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Mochida, Nippon Kayaku, Pfizer, Takeda, and Zeria; consultant fees from AbbVie, Abivax, Bristol Myers Squibb, EA Pharma, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Pfizer; and lecture fees from AbbVie, EA Pharma, Janssen, JIMRO, Kissei, Kyorin, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Mochida, Pfizer, and Takeda. Peter M. Irving—lecture fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Sandoz, Sapphire Medical, Shire, Takeda, Tillotts, and Warner Chilcott; financial support for research from Celltrion, Galapagos, MSD, Pfizer, and Takeda; and advisory fees from AbbVie, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Boomerang Medical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Genentech, Gilead, Hospira, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Prometheus, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Takeda, TopiVert, VH2, Vifor Pharma, and Warner Chilcott. Hyunsoo Park—employee of Celltrion Inc. Dong-Hyeon Kim and Young Nam Lee—employees and stockholders of Celltrion Inc. Stephen B. Hanauer—consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Fresenius Kabi, Genentech, Gilead, GSK, Immunic, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Progenity, Prometheus, Protagonist, Receptos, Salix, Samsung Bioepis, Seres Therapeutics, Takeda, UCB, and VHsquared; clinical research fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Genentech, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Prometheus, Receptos, Seres Therapeutics, Takeda, and UCB; speaker for AbbVie, Janssen, Pfizer, and Takeda; review panel member for Intercept Pharmaceuticals; and member of Data Safety Monitoring Boards for Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gossamer, Protagonist, and Ventyx.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new data from human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.