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Article History

Received: 3 September 2025

Accepted: 26 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ricardo Correa Rotter has received honoraria as consultant from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Chinook, AbbVie, Novo Nordisk and Lilly, and research support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Lilly, Chinook and Novo Nordisk. He has received honoraria/speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk and Amgen. Mai-Szu Wu has received support from AstraZeneca for their contributions to this work, and payment/honoraria for lectures, presentations, and manuscript writing. He has received payment/honoraria from Baxter, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi for lectures and presentations and honoraria for advisory board participation from AstraZeneca, Bayer, GSK, Novartis and Sanofi. Richard Hull has received speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer and Thornton Ross Stada Group, and honoraria for advisory board participation from Novartis, Travere Therapeutics and Vifor Fresenius. Ciro Esposito has received payment/honoraria from AstraZeneca, Otsuka, Travere Therapeutics and Vifor Fresenius for speaker fees and advisory board. Helmut Reichel has no conflicts to disclose. Steven Chadban has received payment/honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Bayer for speaker fees and advisory boards. Juan Jose Garcia Sanchez and Surendra Pentakota are employees of AstraZeneca. Simon Fifer and Thames Kularatne are employees of CaPPRe PTY Ltd. which received fees from AstraZeneca to conduct this study. CaPPRe has consulted to AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, CSL Behring, Edwards LifeSciences, Gilead, GSK, Ipsen, Janssen, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Seqirus, Shire, UCB, and Vertex outside of the submitted work. Hesham M. Elsayed has received payment/honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, and GSK for symposia and is Emeritus Professor of Nephrology, ESNT President Elect, and Academic Director of RRT WKA Fellowship.

: This study was reviewed by an international Institutional Review Board, Pearl IRB, and was granted an exemption from a full review due to its low/negligible risk nature in accordance with FDA 21 56.104 and 45CFR46.104. (Protocol #21-CAPP-102). All participants provided electronic informed consent.