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Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 13 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Authors Pauline Macouillard, Sarah Park, Didier Debievre, Xavier Quantin, and Lise Bosquet have no conflicts to disclose. Authors Danalyn Byng, Jie Meng, Friso Coerts, Shannon Hunter, Yan Xiong, M. Inaam Haq, Olga Tymejczyk are employees of Daiichi Sankyo. Jie Meng, Alessandria Struebing, and Yan Xiong also report holding stock for Daiichi Sankyo. Christos Chouaid has received research grants, travel, and honoraria from AZ, BI, GSK, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, BMS, MSD, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Bayer, Janssen, Viatris, Chugai, and Amgen. Clarisse Audigier-Valette has served in a consulting or advisory role for Roche, Janssen Oncology, Lilly, BMS GmbH and Co. KG, MSD Oncology, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, and Abbvie. Maurice Pérol has been a consultant for Roche, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Gritstone, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Amgen, Abbvie, Janssen, Ipsen, Pierre Fabre, Esai, AnHeart Therapeutics, Nuvation Bio, Daiichi-Sankyo, Revolution Medicine, Regeneron, and Novocure; received grants from Roche, AstraZeneca, Takeda, and Boehringer Ingelheim; received lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Roche, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Takeda, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Chugai, and Illumina; and travel support from Roche, Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Amgen, and Janssen. Nicolas Girard has received research grants/support from Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeOne, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, BioNTEch, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, J&J, Lilly, Sivan, and Tahio; consulted for Abbvie, Accord, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeOne, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ipsen, J&J, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Natera, Pfizer, Pharmamar, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, and Summit; served as speaker for Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeOne, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, J&J, Merck Sharp & Dohme; hospitality from Bristol Myers Squibb, J&J, Pierre-Fabre; and reports employment of a family member with AstraZeneca.

: In accordance with the authorizations issued by the French authorities for the database, no formal informed consent is required. All patients were informed about the ESME program and have approved the use of their data. The authors confirm they have permission to access and use the ESME database for this study. The authors also confirm that no form of IRB approval was required for this study.