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Authors
Wedzicha, Jadwiga A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9642-1261
Noorduyn, Stephen G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-5579
Di Boscio, Valentina
Le Rouzic, Olivier https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4439-2950
Majumdar, Anurita
Paczkowski, Rosirene https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7151-4311
Weng, Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-9590
Germain, Guillaume https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-7673
Laliberté, François https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-6214
Mannino, David https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3646-7828
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
GSK
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: Jadwiga A. Wedzicha reports grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, and Novartis, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, GSK, Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Empirico, honoraria for lectures, presentations or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Glenmark, GSK, Novartis, Recipharm, Roche, and Sanofi, and participation as the data safety monitoring board chair for Virtus. Stephen G. Noorduyn, Valentina Di Boscio, Anurita Majumdar, Rosirene Paczkowski, and Stephen Weng are employees of GSK and/or hold financial equities in GSK. Stephen G. Noorduyn is also a PhD candidate at McMaster University. Olivier Le Rouzic is a principal investigator of CSL Behring and Vertex studies and has received receiving personal fees and/or congress support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Grifols, GSK, LFB, and Sanofi outside the submitted work. Guillaume Germain and François Laliberté are employees of Groupe d’analyse which received funding from GSK to conduct this study but not for manuscript development. David Mannino is a consultant for AstraZeneca, the COPD Foundation, Genentech, GSK, Regeneron, and UpToDate. David Mannino is also an expert witness on behalf of people suing the tobacco and vaping industries.
: The study complied with all applicable laws regarding patient privacy, as described in the Declaration of Helsinki. No direct patient contact or primary collection of individual human patient data occurred in this study. This study used existing, fully de-identified data that complied with the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the patient(s) cannot be identified, directly or through identifiers. Study results were in tabular form and aggregate analyses that omit patient identification; therefore, informed consent and ethics committee or institutional review board approval were not required.
