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Article History

Received: 21 November 2025

Accepted: 11 December 2025

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Jadwiga A. Wedzicha reports grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, and Novartis; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, GSK, Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Empirico; honoraria for lectures, presentations, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Glenmark, GSK, Novartis, Recipharm, Roche, and Sanofi; and participation as the data safety monitoring board chair for Virtus. Stephen G. Noorduyn, Valentina Di Boscio, Anurita Majumdar, Rosirene Paczkowski, and Stephen Weng are employees of GSK and/or hold financial equities in GSK. Stephen G. Noorduyn is also a PhD candidate at McMaster University. Olivier Le Rouzic is a principal investigator of CSL Behring and Vertex studies and has received personal fees and/or congress support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Grifols, GSK, LFB, and Sanofi outside the submitted work. Guillaume Germain and François Laliberté are employees of Groupe d’analyse which received funding from GSK to conduct this study but not for manuscript development. David Mannino is a consultant for AstraZeneca, the COPD Foundation, Genentech, GSK, Regeneron, and UpToDate. David Mannino is also an expert witness on behalf of people suing the tobacco and vaping industries.

: Not applicable.