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Authors
Obeidat, Ahmed Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3549-3277
Betz, Michelle
Farber, Rebecca Straus
Goff, Erica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0250-415X
Gudesblatt, Mark https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-8554
Hua, Le H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-3978
Mao-Draayer, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6248-3480
Robertson, Derrick https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-0981
Santoro, Jonathan D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8234
Wang, Tony
Gomes, Daniel https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5514-9185
Bozin, Ivan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2205-4233
Mendoza, Jason P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2526-5542
Bian, Boyang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0153-4218
Lewin, James B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-9113
Belviso, Nicholas
Shankar, Sai L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3249-8360
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Biogen
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ahmed Z. Obeidat reports speaker fees/advisory boards/steering committees for Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Banner Life Sciences, BD Biosciences, Biogen, Biologix Solutions, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, GW Pharmaceuticals, Horizon Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, TG Therapeutics, and Viela Bio. Michelle Betz reports research support from and consultant/speaker bureaus for Biogen, EMD Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Horizon, Sanofi, and Teva. Rebecca Straus Farber reports research support from Biogen and Novartis; and consultant for Alexion, Genentech, Horizon, and TG Therapeutics. Erica Goff reports consultant for TG Therapeutics. Mark Gudesblatt reports speaker and consulting for Acorda, Amgen, Biogen, EMD Serono, Medtronic, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Saol Therapeutics, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Le H. Hua reports consulting fees from Alexion, EMD Serono, Genentech, Horizon, Novartis, and TG Therapeutics; served on scientific advisory boards for EMD Serono, Genentech, and Novartis; and non-promotional speaker honoraria for TG Therapeutics; received research funding paid directly to her institution from Genentech. Yang Mao-Draayer reports consulting fees from Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genzyme, Horizon, Janssen, Novartis, and Roche-Genentech; contracted research for Biogen, Chugai, NIH NINDS R01-NS080821, NIAID Autoimmune Center of Excellence UM1-AI110557, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme; speaker bureaus for Biogen and Teva. Derrick Robertson reports research support from Anokion, Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, CorEvitas, EMD Serono, Genentech, GW Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Novartis, PCORI, PRIME CME, Sanofi, and TG Therapeutics; consulting fees for Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Genentech, Greenwich Biosciences, Horizon, ImmPACTBio, Janssen, Mallinckrodt, Novartis, Sanofi, and TG Therapeutics; speaker fees from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Genentech, Horizon, Janssen, PRIME CME, Sanofi, and TG Therapeutics. Jonathan D. Santoro research support from the National Institutes of Health, Race to Erase MS Foundation, and Thrasher Society; and consultant for Cycle Pharmaceuticals, TG Therapeutics, and UCB. Tony Wang, Daniel Gomes, Ivan Bozin, Jason P Mendoza, Boyang Bian, James B. Lewin, Nicholas Belviso, Sai L. Shankar are employees of Biogen and may hold stock in the company.
: This retrospective analysis was based on data collected as part of the Komodo Health Sentinel database, and therefore did not involve any new studies of human or animal subjects. This kind of retrospective study based on de-identified medical claims do not require Institutional Review Board approval.
