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Authors
Durno, Nicholas S.
Denee, Tom R.
Pantiri, Krystallia
Chattopadhyay, Debdeep
Pungor, Katalin
Oinasmaa, Salla P.
Siddiqui, Khalid
Arkell, Kate R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Johnson and Johnson
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
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: Nicholas Durno, Krystallia Pantiri and Debdeep Chattopadhyay are employees of OPEN Health. Kate Arkell is an employee of Retina UK and provided advice during the study. Katalin Pungor, Tom Denee and Salla Oinasmaa are present employees and hold stock, or options, as part of a balanced investment portfolio. Khalid Siddiqui was an employee of Johnson & Johnson during the time that the study was conducted.
: The study received ethical approval and exempt status from Pearl IRB in the USA (IRB reference 2024-0301). The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. Participants provided informed consent to data collection and publication of aggregate results by signing the informed consent form that was reviewed and approved by Pearl IRB before collection of data.
