Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: D. Lachant has received consulting fees from Merck and Jansen. The University of Rochester receives research funds from United Therapeutics. A. Raina is part of the governance of the ABIM cardiovascular disease board. M. Krishnan is on the speakers bureau for Liquidia and is on the scientific advisory board/consults for United Therapeutics, Johnson & Johnson, and Liquidia. N. Sood has received consulting fees from United Therapeutics, Gossamer, Merck, and Boehringer Ingelheim, as well as honoraria from Bayer for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events. The University of California-Davis receives research funds from United Therapeutics, Gossamer, Merck, Pulmovant, and Pfizer. V. Balasubramanian is on the speakers bureau for United Therapeutics, Merck, Liquidia, and Boehringer Ingelheim; conduct research with Gossamer, Mannkind; and is a consultant for United Therapeutics. JA. Barberà has received grants or contracts from Janssen-Cilag and Merck Sharp & Dome; consulting fees from Janssen, Cilag and Merck Sharp & Dome; honoraria from Janssen, Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dome, AOP Orphan, and Ferrer International; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Janssen, Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dome, AOP Orphan. D.G. Kiely has received grants or contracts from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Health Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Ferrer, and United Therapeutics; consulting fees from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Ferrer, Altavant, MSD, United Therapeutics, Liquidia, Gossamer Bio, and Apollo; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Ferrer, Altavant, MSD, and United Therapeutics; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Janssen, Ferrer, MSD, and United Therapeutics; and has participated on a safety monitoring board or advisory board for Janssen, MSD, and Liquidia. DGK is also leads the UK National Audit of Pulmonary Hypertension. D. Lee, B. Wu,, S. Hwang, S. Seaman, and M. Broderick are paid employees of United Therapeutics. J. Elwing consults for United Therapeutics, Gossamer Bio, Liquida, Merck, Janssen/Actelion/Johnson&Johnson, Insmed, and Pulmovant and has received research support from United Therapeutics, Gossamer Bio, Acceleron/Merck, Pharmosa/Liquidia, Lung LLC, Pulmovant. Inhibikase, Insmed, Novartis, and NS Pharma.

: Trial protocols were approved by the institutional review board at each participating site. Trials were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and all participants provided written informed consent to participate.