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Article History

Received: 20 July 2025

Accepted: 30 January 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet has received consulting/advisory board fees, speaker’s fees, and/or research support from AbbVie, Abivax, Adacyte, Alfasigma, Alimentiv, Amgen, Apini, Applied Molecular Transport, Arena, Banook, Biogen BMS, Celltrion, Cytoki Pharma, Enthera, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, GSK, IAG Image Analysis, Index Pharmaceuticals, Inotrem, Iterative Health, Janssen, Lilly, LifeMine, Medac, Mopac, Morphic, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Oncodesign, Precision Medicine, ONO Pharma, OSE Immunotherapeuthics, Par'Immune, Pfizer, Prometheus, Roche, Roivant, Samsung, Sandoz, Sanofi, Sorriso, Spyre, Takeda, Teva, ThirtyfiveBio, Tillots, Vectivbio, Vedanta, Ventyx. John Paul Seenan has received consulting/advisory board fees from AbbVie, Falk, and Galapagos; and speaker’s fees from AbbVie, Fresenius-Kabi, Janssen-Cilag, Pharmacosmos, Takeda, and Tillotts. Alessandro Armuzzi has received consulting/advisory board fees from AbbVie, Allergan, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Mylan, Nestlé, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, and Takeda; speaker’s fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Takeda, and Tigenix; and research support from MSD, Takeda, Pfizer, and Biogen. Dr. Armuzzi is currently affiliated with the IBD Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy. Stefan Schreiber has received speaker/consultancy fees from AbbVie, Advanced Molecular Transport, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Falk, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Galapagos/Gilead, Genentech/Roche, Janssen, Merck/MSD, Pfizer, Prometheus, and Takeda. Andreas Lazar, Ann Eldred, Thao Doan, Sarah Blink Polakow, Naim al Mahi, Meng Liu, and Sumit Bhatnagar are employees of AbbVie Inc. and may hold AbbVie stock and/or stock options. Ahmed Nader was an employee of AbbVie Inc. at the time of the study and may hold AbbVie stock and/or stock options. Dr. Nader is a current employee of GSK.

: The trial protocol, amendments, and trial patient informed consent were reviewed and approved by a national, regional, or independent ethics committee or institutional review board (full list available in Supplementary Materials). The study was conducted and reported in accordance with the protocol and in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines, applicable regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients’ informed consent was obtained and documented before trial participation. Consent was obtained for participation in the research study and for the collection, use, and sharing of de-identified personal health information and biological samples.