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Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors disclose the following: Stefan Schreiber – advisory committee/board member, AbbVie, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Celltrion, Falk, Ferring, Fresenius, Galapagos, Gilead, IMAB, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Mylan, Pfizer, Protagonist, Provention Bio, Sandoz/Hexal, Takeda, Theravance, and UCB; lecturer, Hikma; stockholder of CONARIS AG. Bruce E. Sands – consulting fees from Abbvie, Adiso Therapeutics, Agomab, Alimentiv, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Artugen Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Biolojic Design, Biora Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Pharmaceuticals, Calibr, Celgene, Celltrion, ClostraBio, Equillium, Enthera, Envied Biosciences, Evommune, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Fiat, Galapagos, Genentech (Roche), Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Gossamer Bio, Imhotex, Index Pharmaceuticals, Innovation Pharmaceuticals, Inotrem, Kaleido, Kallyope, Merck & Co., Microbiotica, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Mobius Care, Morphic Therapeutics, MRM Health, Nexus Therapeutics, Nimbus Discovery, Odyssey Therapeutics, Palisade Bio, Progenity, Prometheus Biosciences, Prometheus Laboratories, Protagonist Therapeutics, Q32 Bio, Rasayana Therapeutics, Recludix Therapeutics, Reistone Biopharma, Sanofi, Sorriso Therapeutics, Spyre Therapeutics, Surrozen, Target RWE, Teva, TLL Pharmaceutical, Tr1X, Union Therapeutics, and Ventyx Biosciences; consulting and speaking fees, from Abivax; consulting and speaking fees, and other support from Lilly; research grants, consulting and speaking fees and other support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly & Company, Janssen, Pfizer, and Takeda; research grants and consulting fees from Janssen; and stock/stock options from Ventyx Biopharma. Silvio Danese – consultant fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Allergan, Amgen, Applied Molecular Transport, AstraZeneca, Athos Therapeutics, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Eli Lilly, Enthera, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Hospira, Inotrem, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Morphic, MSD, Mundipharma, Mylan, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sublimity Therapeutics, Takeda, Teladoc Health, TiGenix, UCB, Vial, and Vifor; lecture fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Janssen, Mylan, Pfizer, and Takeda. Edward V. Jr. Loftus – consultant fees from AbbVie, Abivax, Astellas, Avalo Therapeutics, Biocon, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Genentech, Gilead, Iota Biosciences, Iterative Health, Janssen, Merck, Morphic, Ono Pharma, Spyre Therapeutics, Takeda, and TR1X Bio; research support from AbbVie, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, and TR1X Bio; shareowner of Exact Sciences and Moderna. Ae Lee Jeong, Dong-Hyeon Kim, and Young Nam Lee are employees of Celltrion Inc. Dong-Hyeon Kim and Young Nam Lee are stockholders of Celltrion Inc. Jean-Frédéric Colombel – research grants from AbbVie, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, Prometheus, and Bristol Myers Squibb; lecturer – AbbVie and Takeda; consultant fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Allergan, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Envision Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Galmed Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech (Roche), Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Kaleido Biosciences, Immunic, Iterative Scopes, Merck, Landos, Microba Life Science, Novartis, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sun, Takeda, TiGenix, and Vifor; stock options, Intestinal Biotech Development.

: The study was performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to study initiation, the study protocol was approved by an independent ethics committee or institutional review board at each participating site. The full list of study sites is reported in the primary manuscript supplementary materials [ ]. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrolment in the study.