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Article History

First Online: 15 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ravindran Kanesvaran has received honoraria from Astellas Pharma, Novartis, Janssen, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, and the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; has participated in consulting or advisory roles for Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Novartis, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, Janssen, and Arcus Biosciences; and has received travel, accommodations, and expenses from Astellas Pharma, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, and AstraZeneca. Patrizia Giannatempo has received honoraria from Gilead Sciences, Astellas Pharma, Janssen, and Pfizer; has participated in consulting or advisory roles for Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, and the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; has received research funding from Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, AstraZeneca, and Ipsen; and has received travel, accommodations, and expenses from Pfizer and Bristol Myers Squibb/Roche. Alex Filicevas is an employee of the World Bladder Cancer Patient Coalition, which receives funding from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Ferring, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Pfizer, Roche, and Seagen.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.