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Authors
Cinque, Felice
Liparoti, Arianna
Varchetta, Stefania
Bozzi, Giorgio
Castelli, Valeria
Ludovisi, Serena
Muscatello, Antonio
Trombetta, Elena
Tornese, Marta
Mariani, Bianca
Bertelli, Cristina
Pisano, Giuseppina
Fatta, Erika
Cespiati, Annalisa
Oberti, Giovanna
Gentile, Silvia
Fracanzani, Anna Ludovica
Lombardi, Rosa
Bandera, Alessandra
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gilead Sciences (Gilead Fellowship Program 2021)
Università degli Studi di Milano
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Declarations
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: Alessandra Bandera received speaker’s honoraria and fees for attending advisory boards from Astra-Zeneca, Biomerieux, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag, Nordic Pharma, Pfizer, Qiagen, SOBI, Takeda, ViiV, and received research grants from Gilead. Rosa Lombardi received research grants from Gilead. Felice Cinque, Arianna Liparoti, Stefania Varchetta, Giorgio Bozzi, Valeria Castelli, Serena Ludovisi, Antonio Muscatello, Elena Trombetta, Marta Tornese, Bianca Mariani, Cristina Bertelli, Giuseppina Pisano, Erika Fatta, Annalisa Cespiati, Giovanna Oberti, Silvia Gentile, Anna Ludovica Fracanzani, declare no conflicts of interest.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments; written informed consent to participate and consent for publication were obtained from all participants, and the protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Policlinico di Milano Hospital (protocol code 2581, approval date: 19/09/2022).
